We confirmed the introduction of bluetongue virus (BTV) in 5 wild ruminant species in Spain. animals; some samples (n = 658) from red deer were collected on 5 farms. These farms were located in the Alcornocales (ALC) Sierra Morena (SM) Guadiana Valley RS 504393 (GU) Montes de Toledo (MT) and Sistema Central (SC) areas. Most (69%) samples were collected during the hunting season (October-February). Samples were not obtained during certain periods because of logistic surveillance constraints (online Appendix Table available from www.cdc.gov/EID/content/14/6/951-appT.htm). Sex and age of red deer were established the latter relating to teeth eruption patterns (in the analysis region (2; www.mapa.es) the observed outcomes may be due to variations in susceptibility towards the vector/pathogen or variations in vector/pathogen distribution over the research area. We noticed identical spatial and temporal BTV patterns in reddish colored deer (Shape 2) and livestock. However we discovered the first proof RS 504393 connection with RS 504393 BTV 12 months later in reddish colored deer than in livestock. This hold off might have been due to bigger amounts of examples from livestock than from crazy ruminants. However our findings suggest that wild ruminants particularly cervids because of their wider distribution in Europe could be used as sentinels for surveillance of BTV. Moreover the high BTV seroprevalence in cervids from the southernmost sampling area suggests that cervids may not interfere with vaccinations given in this region. This study shows an increased distribution of BTV across Spain and that wild ruminants in Europe can be infected with BTV. CREBBP Our findings combined with those of earlier studies suggest a complex epidemiologic scenario of BTV in Europe with many susceptible hosts an increase in its main vector because of climate changes and the appearance of new competent vectors. Nevertheless more information on the role of susceptible wild ruminant species is needed to clarify the complexity of BTV epidemiology in Europe. Acknowledgments We thank Paqui Talavera Joaquín Vicente Isabel G. Fernández-de-Mera Vanesa Alzaga José Antonio Gamarra Manuel Reglero and Elisa Pérez for their help with field and laboratory work; and Pelayo Acevedo for help with the figures. This study was supported by Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria-Ministerio de Educación (ACF2006-00001) and Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia RS 504393 y Tecnología-Ministerio de Educación (AGL2005-07401); and grants and contracts from Principado de Asturias Castilla-La Mancha Médica Mutua RS 504393 Madrile? a Ministerio de Agricultura Pesca y Alimentación and Grupo Santander-Fundación Marcelino Botín. Biography ?? Dr Ruiz-Fons is a postdoctoral researcher at the Macaulay Land Use Research Institute in Aberdeen Scotland. His primary research interests will be the epidemiology of illnesses in animals especially those distributed to livestock and the analysis of factors linked to dangers for disease transmitting at the animals/livestock user interface. Footnotes Suggested citation because of this content: Ruiz-Fons F Reyes-García AR Alcaide V Gortázar C. Temporal and Spatial evolution of bluetongue virus in crazy ruminants Spain. Emerg Infect Dis [serial for the Internet]. 2008 Jun [day cited]. Obtainable from.