CXCR3 is a chemokine receptor with three ligands; CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11. via biased signaling. It is generally accepted that tumor cells evolved to express several chemokine receptors and secrete their ligands. Vast majority of these chemokines support tumor growth by different mechanisms that are discussed. We suggest that CXCL10 and possibly CXCL9 differ from other chemokines by their ability to restrain tumor growth and enhance anti-tumor immunity. Along with this an accumulating number of studies showed in various human cancers a clear Slit3 association between poor prognosis and low expression of CXCL10 at tumor sites, and vice versa. Finally, we discuss the possibility that CXCL9 and CXCL10 may differ in their biological function via biased signaling and its possible relevance to cancer immunotherapy. The current mini review focuses on exploring the role of CXCR3 ligands in directing the biological properties of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the context of cancer and autoimmunity. We believe that the combined role of these chemokines in attracting T cells and also directing their biological properties makes them essential drivers of immune system function. evaluation of Compact disc4+ T cells subsets indicated for change from Th1 to Th2 (20, 21). Separately, others noticed that CXCL10 promotes the polarization of individual Compact disc4+ T cells into IFNhighIL4low Th1 cells (22). The function of CXCL9 in directing effector T cell polarization is certainly yet to become examined. Collectively, this shows that CXCL10 promotes the polarization of Th1 cells, its targeted neutralization restrains autoimmunity so. In our research we’re able to clearly record the result of CXCL10 neutralization in the Th1/Th2 stability of antigen particular T cells in the periphery (17, 18), and recommended that along the dynamics of every disease these cells are recruited towards the inflammatory site, to displace those that go through apoptosis there (23). The chance that these antibodies straight enter the CNS to have an effect on T cell polarization there’s not been discovered. While further discovering the interplay between CXCR3 ligands, cXCL10 vs particularly. CXCL11 and their function in directing Compact disc4+ T cell polarization we noticed that CXCL11 preferentially drives the polarization of IL10high Tr1 cells (4, 5). The underlying signal cascade included signaling via p70 kinase/mTOR in STAT-3- and STAT-6-dependent pathways (4, 5). This differed from CXCL10 that signals via STAT1, STAT4, and STAT5 phosphorylation (4, 5). CXCL11 is usually believed to be the dominant CXCR3 agonist, as it is more potent than CXCL10 or CXCL9 as a chemoattractant and in stimulating calcium flux and receptor desensitization (15). This suggests that the interplay between CXCL11 and CXCL10 dominates the regulation of CD4+ T cell mediated responses, while favoring active tolerance over effector reactivity. C57BL/6 mice that lack functional CXCL11 due to PF-2341066 supplier a shift in the open reading frame of the CXCL11-encoding gene (insertion of two bases after nucleotide 39), resulting in the translation of a chimeric protein lacking the crucial CXC motif (24), preferentially induce Th1 oriented response, are highly susceptible to the induction of various Th1-related autoimmune diseases. We observed that these mice are excellent PF-2341066 supplier responders to low doses CXCL11-Ig based therapy of EAE in comparison to SJL mice that do not display this open reading frame mutation (4). The idea of different ligands that differ in their binding site to the same GPCRs receptor also induce different signaling cascade has been primarily investigated by Robert J. Lefkowitz and his team while PF-2341066 supplier exploring the Molecular mechanism of beta-arrestin-biased agonism (2, 25, 26). We have explored the relevance of this mechanism for chemokines and T cell regulation. In summary, we suggest that CXCL11 and CXCL10 plays an opposing role in directing T cell polarization, and as CXCL11 has a higher affinity to CXCR3 it is likely to dominate immune regulation. The Contradictive Role of CXCR3-CXCL10 Axis In Neuroinflammation It is largely accepted that CXCL10 promotes the activity of effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and also their recruitment at inflammatory sites (also tumor site) and thus its targeted neutralization could be beneficial in treating numerous T cell mediated autoimmune diseases among them: psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (27, 28), Inflammatory Bowel Disease [IBD) (29), and type I diabetes (T1DM) (30, 31) (for a recent review also observe (32)] (Physique 1B). The role of the CXCL10-CXCR3 axis in neuroinflammation is likely to more complex and controversial (37). The first record that systemic administration of polyclonal antibodies against CXCL10 suppress EAE came from the study of William Karpus and his group.